These processes got happened in the cytoplasm and mitochondria to provide energy, as u see glucose or any other organic fuels consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide to have ATP from ADP, water manufactured as a waste product.Ĭellular respiration has two types: aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration.Īerobic respiration got happened whenever oxygen is available but when cells don’t have any oxygen or don’t have enough oxygen so they break down molecules by anaerobic cellular respiration. While this transportation ATP synthase, make ATP from ADP. It transports protons that enter the intermembrane space to the matrix again. There’s a molecule out of the electron transport chain called ATP synthase. These electrons transport by proteins mentioned above until they reach the last protein, these electrons reduce oxygen atoms to manufacture water molecules, oxygen ions with hydrogen ions synthesize H2O.ĭuring this transportation, proteins of the chain pump protons ( H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space by using the energies of electrons released by electron carriers ( NADH and FADH2). NADH and FADH2 that have been produced in glycolysis and the TCA cycle, now release their hydrogen atoms, which provide pair of electrons. This chain takes place in the inner membrane of mitochondria. This process is also called the electron transport chain because it includes four proteins that transport electrons. If we want to express it as a number, for two acetyl COA that has been produced in pyruvate oxidation, we going to have six NADH, four CO2, two ATP, and two FADH2. Oxaloacetate is the four-carbon molecule, fumarate got some changes and produces oxaloacetate, during this changing NAD+ converts to NADH. As we mentioned this process was a cycle so here oxaloacetate has to be produced. FADH2 is made by FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). Succinate should be made fumarate, fumarate is a four-carbon molecule like succinate, here another electron carrier is produced. During this process, one ADP converts to ATP, one NAD+ converts to NADH, and one carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. Now succinate going to be made from the α-ketoglutarate molecule, succinate is the four-carbon molecule. Citrate converts to the five-carbon molecule called α-ketoglutarate, citrate release one carbon dioxide as a waste product and uses an NAD+ and converts it to NADH. Oxaloacetate catches the carbons of acetyl COA and converts to the six-carbon molecule called citrate.Īcetyl COA releases its CoA during this conversion. In pyruvate oxidation, two acetyl COA have produced so each of them enters the TCA cycle. Then the main process of organic fuels breaks down. Tricarboxylic acid cycle is also known as Krebs or citric acid cycle, take place in mitochondria. Each pyruvate release one carbon dioxide, receive CoA( coenzyme A), and convert one NAD+ to NADH, to produce acetyl COA. The result of pyruvate oxidation is producing two acetyl-coenzyme A. Pyruvates enter the mitochondria to have a process called pyruvate oxidation. Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate converts to 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate, during this conversion NAD+ ( an electron carrier molecule that stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), converts to NADH (an electron carrier that stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen ( H) ) and a hydrogen ion, one phosphate also add to have a molecule with two phosphates.Īt the end of glycolysis, two pyruvate molecules should be manufactured, each 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate converts two ADP to ATP and creates pyruvate. Glucose converts into fructose 1,6- diphosphate by using the energies of two ATP ( two ATP release their energies and converted to two ADP).įructose 1,6- diphosphate breaks down into two molecules called glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate. Glycolysis breaks down done step by step in glycolysis. The first process of cellular respiration is glycolysis, also called the glycolytic pathway.